Americas Obesity Epidemic

Cheyenne Rogers English IV Senior Paper America’s Obesity Epidemic Obesity is a chronic condition defined by an excess amount of body fat. Within eight years in the United States, the incidence of obesity has nearly doubled. People throughout America are slowly being affected by this national problem of obesity. The obesity epidemic is growing throughout each state in America, but now reasons for this epidemic are becoming clearer to individuals. Everyone wants to know a reason for the obesity epidemic, and now answers are appearing. Many reasons for this epidemic are due to present day generations, as well as American lifestyles.Fast food has not only come to dominate the American landscape, it has become the most visible American export around the globe (Down to Earth). Cheap and convenient food, busy work lives, and social lives, as well as a constant barrage from media sources have over-loaded Americans are all having a detrimental effect on people’s mental and phys ical health (Thompson). Due to busy lifestyles and laziness throughout America, people have found it easier to go through a drive-thru rather than take the time to go home and make a healthier meal for themselves.Weight gain and obesity are caused by consuming more calories than the body needs (â€Å"Obesity in America†). Genetic determinations, such as the way a body expends energy, hormones, which affect the way that calories are processed, and other organ systems in the body can all affect appetite (â€Å"Obesity in America†). Obesity is a disease that takes time to cure, but people will need to have determination to find a cure and also the understanding and knowing the cure will not come fast or easy. Thus, due to all these causes of obesity, America is in an epidemic that needs to be solved sooner than later.A big contributor to the obesity epidemic is the influence of the environment, such as lifestyles people have created. Within the American environments, what a person eats and how active he or she is, is now considered a lifestyle behavior (â€Å"Genetic Obesity†). Lifestyles contribute to obesity, because not only do families share genes, but they also share their lifestyle habits with in another in each household (â€Å"Genetic Obesity†). In any environment, diets from home are followed and original lifestyles can be carried on throughout life and adds to the ongoing obesity problem.Body functions of humans haven’t changed over the past 50-100 years, yet in society there have been an increasing number of people that are obese over the years (â€Å"Obesity†). Obesity over the past 30 years is most likely due to the recent environmental changes (Brehm). The environmental changes caused the obesity rates to increase over the years instead of decrease. The environment needs to change in a positive way in order for people to live in a healthy society. The media is pressuring people into unhealthy eating habits a nd unhealthy lifestyles.People’s exposure to fast food ads have increased compared to 2003 (â€Å"Effective Summary†). McDonald’s web-based marketing starts with children as young as two years old using Ronald. com (â€Å"Effective Summary†). Exposure to fast food restaurants and ads for these restaurants at such a young age is a major contributor to obesity. Kids are being told at a young age that it is okay to eat junk food; not being told that it is unhealthy for them. Advanced technology is also a factor in media expanding their products.Nine restaurant Facebook pages had more than one million fans as of July 2010, and Starbucks boasted more than 11. 3 million fans (â€Å"Effective Summary†). Smart phone apps were available for eight fast food chains, providing another opportunity to reach out to the young consumers anytime and anywhere (â€Å"Effective Summary†). In occurrence to the new technology, everyone has extra access to ads for all the unhealthy foods. The advanced technology has even gotten to the point where you can order food from your device.The media controls America by constantly pressuring people. The media advertising unhealthy foods it does not help to solve the obesity epidemic, and if this continues the epidemic will not be solved. A big reason for American obesity is because of fast food markers, which tend to be very greedy. Eighty-four percent of parents reported to taking their child to a fast food restaurant at least once in the previous week (Effective Summary). Fast food businesses make it easy for parents to supply food for children at low costs.Parents of the elementary school aged children were more likely to order a combo meal or dollar/value menu item for their child than a kid’s meal for the child (Effective Summary). Each meal is getting smaller and less filling for children pushing to get a bigger meal, even more unhealthy. In this case not only are parents feeding their ch ildren unhealthy foods, but over feeding them as well. Health problems are a result of obesity most people do not know about, such as diseases being results in unhealthy eating for a long period of time.Children and adolescents who eat fast food consume more calories, fat, sugar, and sugar sweetened beverages (Effective Summary). Removal of the nutrients from the body causes extra eating of non-nutritional foods, as the body seeks to regulate the actual levels of the nutrients it truly needs. Removing nutrients from the body is neglect towards the body. In order to be a healthy person it is necessary to consume all nutrients needed. A Finnish study showed that for every one kilogram (2. 2 pounds) increase in body weight, increases the risk of death from coronary artery disease by one percent (â€Å"Obesity†).Obesity is a risk for chronic disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and some forms of cancer (â€Å"Genetic Obesity†). Continuing to eat junk food is increasing chances of death, which is no joking matter. Most importantly, people should come to realization how serious and controlling obesity can really be. The effects of obesity are not only being physical fitness, but psychological as well. Losing weight and keeping it off can come more of a challenge to some than it does to others (T. J. Clark). This is caused by physical and psychological challenges.Many people continue to ridicule, mock, and even abuse the obese (The Effect of Obesity). People trying to lose weight are extremely vulnerable and are already currently struggling. Therefore, they need others support, not discouraging attitudes. Obese individuals trying to better themselves need support, especially when others find it necessary to constantly degrade the obese on a daily basis. Obese people may have fewer social and romantic relationships compared to the non-obese (Tree). Given that, low self-esteem is common among the severely obese as it is (The Effect of Obesity).Obesity causes much insecurity that people have a difficult time overcoming. A main effect of obesity is people not being pleased with themselves in any way, and no one should feel uncomfortable in their own skin. If the obesity epidemic continues, America will be an unhealthy world to live in, literally. Scientists project that by the year 2015 the number of overweight people in the world will tip to 2. 3 billion with more than 700 million people being obese (Green Life). The predictions have been made and at the rate America is going, these will be the obesity rates in three short years.Since 1995 diabetes rates have doubles in eight states within the United States (F as in Fat: How Obesity Threaten America’s Future 2011). Twenty years ago, no state had an obesity rate over 15 percent, but in today’s world there are two out of three states have obesity rates that are over 25 percent (F as in Fat: How Obesity Threaten America’s Future 2011). Thirty-eight states have hi gh obesity rates, and the rates don’t just stop there†¦ they keep increasing. Our future as Americans is a fat society. As a citizen, everyone should be concerned in helping to solve the ongoing problem, not only to better ourselves but to better our country!This problem can be controlled with motivation to work out and exercise, dedication to better themselves, and cooperation to stop the obesity epidemic from growing, to better each individuals body in America. To start, time reduced from watching the television and in other similar sedentary behaviors (A Vision for the Future: The Obesity Epidemic). Two of the largest fast food advertisers to children have joined the Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative, CFBAI, pledging to advertise only â€Å"better for you† choices to all children (Effective Summary).Plans to solve this problem are starting to be formed; and people just need to react in a productive way and help out. Other ways to help s olve the problem are to ensure that schools provide healthful food and beverages on school campuses (A Vision for the Future: The Obesity Epidemic). As the President of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, Phillip James, states â€Å"to change the food environment by requiring the companies label on soft drinks or fast food so that people are well informed, this is another way of helping reduce obesity† (Obesity Prevention Needs Change in Living Environment).Actions are taking place now, and soon America will have this problem solved with the help of the citizens from all over. America’s obesity epidemic has been an ongoing problem for the past 20 years. There has been questioning on what to do, how to fix the increasing epidemic, and how to react†¦ but now, the answers are clearly coming out. With support from others, obesity will become one step closer to an epidemic being reduced. Given there are a lot obstacle to go through to stay healthy t here are a lot of easy ways to do it as well. The media is always a pressure, but just think†¦ save a life by not having any health issues throughout life.Avoid the effects of being obese and insecure. And take a step forward and become a part of help our future generations NOT be obese. Now, with the cooperation of fast food companies, you can still get food quickly in the drive through just choose the healthier entree. American citizens created this problem and American citizens will get America a solution as well! Works Cited â€Å"A Vision for the Future: The Obesity Epidemic. † Vision. Vision. org. , 31 Jul 2008. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Brehm, Bonnie, and David D. â€Å"Impact of the Enviroment. † EndoText. EndoText Inc. , 24 Nov 2010. Web. Mar 2012. . â€Å"Executive Summary . † Fast Food f. a. c. t. s.. Rudd Center. Web. 1 Mar 2012. â€Å"F as in Fat: How Obesity Threatens America's Future 2011. † Trust for Americas Health . 2012 Trust for America's Health, Jul 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2012. T. J. Clark. â€Å"Genetic Obesity . † T. J. Clark & Company, 2008. Web. 1 Mar 2012. â€Å"Green Life. † Obesity and the Enviroment . Green Life, 06 Mar 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2012. â€Å"Obesity . † Medicine Net. MedicineNet, Inc, 2012. Web. 2 Mar 2012. † Obesity in America. † Down to Earth . Down to Earth ALL VEGETARIAN Organic & Natural, 16 Sep 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Obesity Prevention Needs Change in Living Environment: Experts. † The Star: Online. Star Publications, 16 Jul 2010. Web. 2 Mar 2012. â€Å"Obesity Prevention Needs Change in Living Environment: experts. † English News. 2012 Xinhua, english. news. cn. , 16 Jul 2010. Web. 1 Mar 2012. â€Å"The Effect of Obesity . † Tree. com, Inc. , 02 Jun 2010. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Thompson, Dennis . â€Å"Too Much Work, Food, Media May Be Hurting Health. † News Health . U. S. News & World Report LP, 06 Jun 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2012. â€Å"Understanding Obesity . † Obesity In America . 2012 Copyright – Obesity in America, 2004.

Compare and Contrast the works Of Ronald Stewart Thomas and William Wordsworth

Ronald Stewart Thomas and William Wordsworth are the two poets mentioned in the title. Even though both wrote on corresponding topics of people and landscape, the two poets approach their writing with a much different mentality. RS Thomas takes a more realistic and down to earth view. His poems are often cut straight to the point, whereas William Wordsworth uses romance and exaggerated beauty. His poems focus on the positive side of life. He is also a very patriotic man and in many of his poems you can witness this. RS Thomas is a practical man. Probably because of the way Thomas lived and the different period in which he wrote. RS Thomas is more representative of the 20th century whereas William Wordsworth is representative of the 18th and 19th centuries. William Wordsworth was born on April 7, 1770, in Cockermouth, Cumberland, and educated at St John's College, Cambridge University. He developed a keen love of nature as a youth, and during school holidays he frequently visited places prominent for their scenic beauty. The love of such things may have led him to become one of the most influential romantic poets'. RS Thomas was a vicar, rector of Manafon. He was separated from the world in a parish near Newton in Wales. Much of his work is set in Wales, his birthplace. It was here were Thomas found most of his peasants' tough, oppressive, narrow men. RS Thomas hardened, and his mode of thought reflected into his poetry. The first poems I am going to compare are â€Å"Westminster Bridge† by William Wordsworth and â€Å"A day in autumn† by RS Thomas. In the first poem â€Å"Westminster Bridge† you can tell from the first line that Wordsworth was a romanticist. â€Å"Earth has not any thing to show more fair:† He is saying that this is the most radiant and beautiful place on the earth. He finds so much passion in the sight that he goes as far to insult a person that could walk past such a noteworthy scene with out admiring it. † Dull would be of soul who could pass by.† In the poem he expresses a feeling of gratitude and exuberance. He makes you feel this with the words he uses for example, â€Å"fair, majesty, beauty, bright, splendour, calm and sweet.† All these point to the romanticist that he is. The main impression the poem conveys is that one of peace, stillness and admiration. â€Å"The river glideth at his own sweet will.† The way he talks of the sun waking up over the city and the river just gives you a sense of time and tranquillity. It just slows the whole poem down and then brings it to a stop. There is a rhyming scheme employed within this poem. It goes: a, b, b, a, a, b, b, a, c, d, c, d. It suits the poems theme as the repeated rhyming with the breaks give a sustained effect. The sudden change into the new c, d, c, d scheme is like the feeling of the first light. â€Å"Never did the sun more beautifully steep.† It does suit the theme of the poem. At the end Wordsworth says†¦ † And all that the mighty heart is lying still!† The heart is what I am referring to. The last part is like a heart beat, as he Rhymes it one after the other. The rhythm is the finally explained at the end (the quote above). William Wordsworth uses many styles of imagery to paint the representation of London in our minds. In the line†¦ â€Å"The city now doth like a garment Wear, the beauty of the morning.† Wordsworth uses the simile to pretend the city is wearing the morning. He is saying that when he sees it, it suits it. It looks good. This is also a form of personification wearing is something a human does. He referred to the sun with his; he is therefore showing respect. He also mentioned the river as a ‘his'; using personification brings it to life and making it more intense. â€Å"In his first splendour† And â€Å"The river glideth at his Own sweet will.† He is so struck by the sight he exclaims â€Å"Dear God! † Then he uses another piece of personification to make the calmness more obvious. The river flowing slowly and the houses are being asleep. He then uses a metaphor on the last line. † And all that the mighty heart Is lying still.† This is a significant piece of imagery brought out with this metaphor. The heart is one of the most important organs in the body. It supplies the rest of the body with blood and keeps us alive. In the same way London, England is the compared to the heart as it ‘pulses' sending the economy and exports in terms of finance to the rest of the world. If this, the main part was to stop then so would the world. That is how patriotic and nationalistic he is. The effects of imagery that he used have all been employed effectively to give the poem its picturesque beauty, which seems to last forever and shows no evidence of ever coming to an end unlike RS Thomas's poem. The next poem is a Day in autumn by RS Thomas. As soon as you read the first line the mood is set. Right there, and right to the point. â€Å"It will not always be like this.† It states a theme of something not lasting forever. The example in the poem is that the magnificence of autumn being replaced by the asperity and harshness of winter. A message that you should not take anything for granted, that you must cherish it while it is there. † Let the mind take its photograph† The emotion that I sense from the poem is anxiety, still enjoying it while its there but then being worried of its end. â€Å"Of the bright scene, something to wear Against the heart in the long cold.† Thomas does not use any of the poetic effects apart from personification where he says â€Å"To the trees' shoulders.† This has been applied well making the tree and its elegance stronger, and making the gold and such points of autumn's beauty alive. These are the landscape poems and you can see the difference of styles used. These differences will be concluded at the end. The next poems are on the subject of people. William Wordsworth called this poem â€Å"The solitary reaper,† He has put across an image of a young girl singing and working in some open fields. This at once does feel like a merry and joyous time. Even though the work is strenuous, she's still singing. â€Å"Reaping and singing by herself:† And † And sings a melancholy strain.† The atmosphere we get from the poem is one of peace and serenity. If in such a big valley the sound can be heard how silent must it be? Very quiet. That is what gives that tranquil affect. † O Listen! For the vale profound Is overflowing with the sound.† The tune is welcome to anyone. The travellers that come, nothing will break her peace even the birds. â€Å"More welcome notes to weary bands Of travellers in some shady haunt,† The song she sings means so much to him that he keeps it in his heart so it lasts forever even though he doesn't hear it again. â€Å"The music in my heart I bore Long after it was heard no more.† The poem has not been structured with the use if the imagery effects but the diction of the poet gives you the clear under standing of the poem. When reading between the lines you see that doing your work happily and carefree creates an easy to work-in atmosphere. The next poem is â€Å"Tramp† by RS Thomas. The title is all ready enough to tell you that this is a morose and sad poem. It creates an atmosphere of tension, whether you help him or don't. The anxiety of his whereabouts. You also can feel sympathy for the tramp. He is ashamed to look into the face of those he begs from. â€Å"He looks at his feet, I look at the sky.† For the person he is begging from the sky ids the limit. He can move along with the new technologies. He can learn more things and become part of the civilising. But the tramp†¦he has nothing. â€Å"Over us the planes build The shining rafters Of that New World.† But then at night you sleep in your bed and you can be afraid of losing what you have. But the tramp he can dream peacefully. He has nothing to lose. â€Å"My dreams are haunted Are his dreams rich?† He uses personification when he says the planes ‘build'. Also there is some alliteration when he says, † On his way-where?† This makes the question stick out in your mind, you just think ‘way-where?' Where is the tramp to go, what can he do with his life? The poet questions you. This makes the poem more deep and intense. In the end you can certainly tell the difference in character and reasoning these men have. Wordsworth, tee more airy and dreamy poet for Thomas however quite the contrast with his level headed and solemn approach.

Fdi’s in Retail Sector in India-a Special Focus on Farmers.

FDI’S IN RETAIL SECTOR IN INDIA – A SPECIAL FOCUS ON INDIAN FARMERS. PAPER PRESENTED BY M. V. KALESWARA RAO, K. CHALAPATHI RAO DASARI. NIVAS. (Research Scholars) Dept Of Economics, Kakatiya University. WARANGAL. ? FDI’S IN RETAIL SECTOR IN INDIA – A SPECIAL FOCUS ON INDIAN FARMERS. The Foreign Direct Investment means â€Å"cross border investment made by a resident in one economy in an enterprise in another economy, with the objective of establishing a lasting interest in the investee economy.FDI is also described as â€Å"investment into the business of a country by a company in another country†. Mostly the investment is into production by either buying a company in the target country or by expanding operations of an existing business in that country†. Such investments can take place for many reasons, including to take advantage of cheaper wages, special investment privileges (e. g. tax exemptions) offered by the country. Major benefits of F DI : (a) Improves forex position of the country; (b) Employment generation and increase in production ; c) Help in capital formation by bringing fresh capital; (d) Helps in transfer of new technologies, management skills, intellectual property (e) Increases competition within the local market and this brings higher efficiencies (f) Helps in increasing exports; (g) Increases tax revenues GLOBAL RETAILING SCENARIO: Retail has played a major role in improving the productivity of the whole economy at large. The positive impact of organized retailing could be seen in USA, UK, and Mexico and also in China. Retail is the second largest industry in US.It is also one of the largest employment generators. It is also important to understand that Argentina, China, Brazil, Chile, Indonesia, Malaysia, Russia, Singapore and Thailand have allowed 100% FDI in multi brand retail. These countries benefited immensely from it. Also small retailers co-exist. The quality of the services has increased. Chi na permitted FDI in retail in 1992 and has seen huge investment flowing into the sector. It has not affected the small or domestic retail chains on the contrary small retailers have increased since 2004 from 1. 9 million to over 2. million. Take for example Indonesia where still 90% of the business still remains in the hand of small traders. FDI IN RETAIL PRESENT STATUS: 51% FDI in multi brand Retail and 100% in single brand is put hold till the time consensus is reached between the political parties. There is stiff opposition being seen within the UPA allies in context of FDI in retail. Also opposition party is seeing this as an opportunity to get the political mileage. REASONS FOR ALLOWING FDI’s IN RETAIL MARKETS Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) complements and supplements domestic investment.Domestic companies are benefited through FDI, by way of enhanced access to supplementary capital and state-of-the-art technologies; exposure to global managerial practices and opportuni ties of integration into global markets. Government had instituted a study, on the subject of â€Å"Impact of Organized Retailing on the Unorganized Sector†, through the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), which was submitted to Government in 2008. The ICRIER study indicated significant benefits for various stakeholders, such as consumers, farmers and manufacturers, arising from the growth of organized retail.Based upon the study, as well as the experience of other countries, it is the Government’s assessment that implementation of the policy permitting FDI, up to 51%, in multi-brand retail trading, is likely to facilitate greater FDI inflows into front and back-end infrastructure; technologies and efficiencies to unlock the potential of the agricultural value chain; additional and quality employment; and global best practices. This, in turn, is expected to benefit consumers and farmers in the long run, in terms of quality and pric e.The 30% mandatory sourcing condition has been incorporated to encourage local value addition and manufacturing. The increased level of activity, in the front-end, as well as in the back-end, resulting from greater FDI inflows, is expected to create additional employment opportunities for rural and urban youth. It is, further, expected to encourage existing traders and retail outlets to upgrade and become more efficient, thereby providing better services to consumers and better remuneration to the producers from whom they source their products.There is no procedure to shortlist companies. Foreign investors desirous of investing in retail trade (multi brand or single brand) in India are required to submit their applications in the Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, where their applications are examined to determine whether the proposed investment satisfies the notified guidelines, before being considered by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board, in the Ministry of Finance , for Government approval. As per some news items published on 17. 11. 012, Wal-Mart, USA, is stated to be inquiring into allegations of potential violations, under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of USA, in certain countries where the company is operating. India has stringent anti-corruption laws. Any corrupt practices are liable to be dealt appropriately under applicable laws. This information was given by the Minister of State for Commerce & Industry Dr. S. Jagathrakshakan in written reply to a question in Rajy Sabha. IMMENSE GROWTH OPPORTUNITY FOR RETAILERS India is Asia’s third largest retail market after China and Japan. Organized retailing is very virgin space in India.It provides immense growth opportunity. Only 5% of the total sales are being done by organized retailer. Currently Indian Retail sector have sales of around $500 billion. Retail sector is expected to have sales of $900 billion by 2014. It still far behind China, whose retail sales by 2014 is expected t o cross $4500 billion mark. Purchasing power of Indian urban consumer is growing and branded merchandise in categories like Apparels, Cosmetics, Shoes, Watches, Beverages, Food and even Jewellery, are slowly becoming lifestyle products that are widely accepted by the urban Indian consumer.The Indian retail sector can be broadly classified into: Food Retailers Health and beauty Products Clothing and Footwear Home Furniture & Household goods Durable goods Leisure & Personal Goods Of these above segment Food and beverage and clothing segment is expected to grow exponentially. GROWTH DRIVERS OF INDIAN RETAIL SECTOR: Rising Income and increase in convergence of consumer taste and preferences. Dual family Income. Knowledge about different product through different medium like Internet, Television etc. Also knowledge abou t the latest trend and fashion. 7% of the India’s population is under the age of 30. This category is driving the consumption story. Emergence of new retailing for mat. Availability of Credit Facilities. HOW FARMERS TO GET BENEFITED: Farmers in India get only 10%-12% of the price the consumer pays for the agri-products. Coming of organized retailing will benefit farmers in big way. Big retailers sell their product at very competitive prices. So, they source it directly from the farmers. Middle man does not have any place in this format of retailing. This will not only benefit farmers but also help in checking the food inflation.Also India has very inadequate facilities to store the food grains and vegetables. As the investment will flow into back end infrastructure, supply chain will get strengthened. Storage is a major problem area and 20%-25% of the agri products get wasted due to improper storage. Another area which is also the cause of concern is movement of vegetable and other perishable agri item from one place to another. Lack of proper transportation forces the farmer to sell their produce in local market. This results in the lower rea lization on the produce. Impact of FDI on farmers all over the world: In 1970, hog producers received 48 cents of each dollar spent on pork. in 2000 they received only 12 cents. Prices to consumer did not decrease. †¦ In 1990 ranchers and farmers received 60 cents of the dollar spent on beef, retailers received 32. 5 and meat companies 7. 5 cents. In 2009 Farmers received 42. 5cent (down by 17. 5), retailers 49 cents, meat packers 8. 5cents. .. †¦ 4 pints of milk in UK costs 1. 45 pounds and farmer receives 40%(58 pence) of it. Causing a loss of 3 pence per 4 pints. Causing small farmers to close there shops. In Indian farmer receives 75% of consumer spend on a litre of milk. †¦ US farmers received direct commodity subsidies of over $167 Bn in 1995-2010. EU paid farmers direct subsidies of $51 Bn in 2010 alone. So why these big retailers are not helping reduce the subsidies to the farmers. †¦ †¦. In Mexico 25% of small farmers are off farming now due to big retail and imports under NAFTA. †¦. As mentioned in image above in Europe flow of goods from 3. 2 million farmers is controlled by 110 buying desks of big retailers catering to 160 million consumers. Today India has more than 600 million (78% 0f total farmer population) small and marginal farmers and a huge consumer base of more than a billion.Now imagine what havoc it may create when our small and marginal farmers will have to compete with bigger farmers of developed nation who fetch huge subsidies from their governments. 32 Lakh European farmers received total subsidy of Rs 26,970 Crores i. e. average Rs 8,41,68 per head approx. Now 21 Crore Indian farmers received total subsidy of nearly Rs. 1,54,00 Crores i. e. average Rs 19,494 per head approx. Now if tomorrow these retail giants start importing (using free trade agreement) from foreign farmers since the prices would much lesser with the help of their governments where would Indian farmer go?Why FDI is Opposed by Local Peo ple or Disadvantages of FDI : (a) Domestic companies fear that they may lose their ownership to overseas company (b) Small enterprises fear that they may not be able to compete with world class large companies and may ultimately be edged out of business; (c) Large giants of the world try to monopolise and take over the highly profitable sectors; (d) Such foreign companies invest more in machinery and intellectual property than in wages of the local people; (e) Government has less control over the functioning of such companies as they usually work as wholly owned subsidiary of an overseas company; SIDE EFFECTS OF THE FDI AND SOLUTION: Nevertheless much said about good things that FDI in retail will bring but argument will not be justified if we do not take into account the grey areas. Some of the grey areas are: -Predatory pricing could strangulate the domestic retailers. -It has been seen MNCs retailers uses there big size to kill competitors. -In order to bring goods at lowest poss ible price for customers they squeeze the margins of their suppliers. So as claimed by thousand that suppliers will benefit, it still doubted. In order to correct these anomalies, India need to have strong regulator for the sector.And at the same time strengthen the Competition Commission of India before these Big Retailers prowls into the Indian Territory. How can Indian farmer compete with rival farmers, – when basic infrastructure is not in place? – when rival farmers receive subsidies almost triple the yearly turnover of Indian farmers? – when crop insurance is not in place? I’m afraid that such uneven and misplaced competition would lead our farmers off their land into labours jobs since they do not have enough capital and supporting government. On other hand that farmer’s income will be improved argument fails sharply since even after having established big retailers network the USA and EU is consistently increasing the subsidies to the farme rs and still their farmers are into losses.What is the guarantee that FDI in multi-brand retail won’t displace Indian farmers? and put pressure on government to increase the subsidies too? Lastly, lets not blindly copy paste western models. We can definitely learn from them but by looking evenly at all sides and not just one which is shiny. Brief Latest Developments on FDI (all sectors including retail):- 2012 – October: In the second round of economic reforms, the government cleared amendments to raise the FDI cap (a) in the insurance sector from 26% to 49%; (b) in the pension sector it approved a 26 percent FDI; Now, Indian Parliament will have to give its approval for the final shape,† 2012 – September : The government approved the a) Allowed 51% foreign investment in multi-brand retail, (b) Relaxed FDI norms for civil aviation and broadcasting sectors. – FDI cap in Broadcasting was raised to 74% from 49%; (c) Allowed foreign investment in power exchanges 2011 – December : (i) The Indian government removed the 51 percent cap on FDI into single-brand retail outlets and thus opened the market fully to foreign investors by permitting 100 percent foreign investment in this area. While the government claims that foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail chains will create jobs, not a single global behemoth has come forward to set up shop in the country.A senior official of the commerce and industry ministry confirmed to Mail Today that â€Å"we have not received any application so far for FDI in retail†. According to industry sources, big foreign retail chains such as Walmart , Tesco and Carrefour that were expected to respond to the government's decision have gone into wait-and-watch mode due to uncertainty over the issue. Although Parliament had cleared the Bill to allow 51 per cent FDI in retail last December, the Opposition still had the right to a 30-day time limit to make amendments to the modific ations in the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) that the government had made to implement the decision.Since the notification on the changes in FEMA was tabled In Parliamenton November 30 and the 30-day period did not end even on December 20, which was the last day of the Winter Session, this right can only be exercised in the Budget Session. Commerce minister Anand Sharma has been trying his level best to get Walmart, Tesco and Carrefour on board and held several meetings with them. However, there is little point for a foreign retailer to invest money until this uncertainty on FEMA is cleared,a ministry official said. Left parties, in fact, have now moved a motion against the changes made in FEMA to implement the FDI decision and this has been admitted by the chairman of the Rajya Sabha during the current Budget Session. This will require a fresh round of voting for clearance.The Supreme Court has also added to the uncertainty as during the course of hearing a plea against FDI in multi-brand retail, it said that interests of small traders should not be affected. The apex court has said that there is apprehension in the minds of small traders that their business would be affected with the coming of multinational companies in the retail sector which needs to be addressed by putting some regulatory mechanism in place. The court Bench had also stated that big companies can bring down prices through unfair trade practices forcing small traders to shut their shops. Subsequently, these companies will increase the price and monopolise the market.According to senior officials, with general elections fast approaching, the political opposition to the move is expected to become even more vociferous. A senior official said that although the Bahujan Samaj Party and the Samajwadi Party had bailed out the government during the voting for the Bill, they have made it clear that they are in principle opposed to the move as it will cost jobs in the country. CONCLUSION: We w ish row over FDI in retail gets over soon and India should embrace new era of retailing. And Govt makes right kind of body to vigil these giants. Indian consumers are waiting to splurge. Indian consumers’ balance sheet is still clean, which provide much of room to consumption related debt.

Compare and contrast attitudes towards Native Americans Essay

Compare and contrast attitudes towards Native Americans - Essay Example Even though white American treated American Indians in hostile manner, the latter considered the former as brothers. The American Indian was always treated unfairly and was not rewarded for their efforts and they often survived liked invisible Americans. They were given small reservations and were cut off from the rest of the country. Many Americans who live out of the West have no idea that Native Americans did survive in America. Traditionally, Americans neglected Native Americans and did not give any rights or privilege to this community. Americans felt that even though Native Americans had noble qualities, in the end they are evil, treacherous and cruel. Native Americans were a minority and were treated with injustice by white Americans. Americans kept a distance from Native Americans as they were believed to be lazy, uncivilized and vengeful. Native Americans had been neglected throughout the history of America, until the media started focusing on them. It was in 1960 that two books on American Indians throw some light upon their importance and culture. In 1960s Native Americans received more attention among white Americans and this led to greater awareness of American Indians and the troubles they faced in their daily life. The American Indians utilized the publicity they had among white Indians and the Americans started caring more for their needs and desire. Americans started feeling sympathetic towards Native Americans and started realizing their rights and needs. So the media started to focus on their problems, history and explained the pain they suffered at the hands of white Americans. The plight of the Native Americans is poor because they are largely misunderstood by the White Americans. The problem is the both the parties does not attempt to understand each other. It was in late 20th century that the Americans started realizing that America is not

Adjusting to Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Adjusting to Terrorism - Essay Example The U.S Department of Defense defines terrorism as the â€Å"unlawful use of force or violence against person or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives† (Levine, 2001). In the context, it is suggestive that the goal of terrorism may vary, including the possible take over of the terrorists in the administration. The September 11 attack dubbed for serious threat in humanity of the harm those terrorists able to do. Bush administration proposed doctrines in the U.S. Foreign Policy. However, the continuous social mishaps brought by terrorists in certain parts of neighboring countries deny the effectiveness of the policy, which also raised serious questions of its reliance (Eitzen and Zinn, 2004). Proposals to Combat Terrorism Through numerous filed case of terrorists’ attacks, in addressing this issue, could already lead the intellects to come up with the possible strategies and proposal for its combat. Islamic extremists is one of the many possible sources of terrorism, it is suggestive to concentrate on this substance, as to neutralize its current threat. In this type of cold war, military strength and missile shield are not the answer. Overwhelming military and economic dominance did not guarantee protection from nineteen men who hijacked four planes with plastic knives, and turned them into guided missiles (Eitezen and Zinn, 2004). Responding to the similar violent attacks would not benefit any of the fighting forces, but most like likely it will just resume to never-ending violence. In a strict strategic of terrorists, the savage response could be their anticipation to win sympathy and converts to their cause (Lewis, 2001). The most effective way to deal with terrorism is to address its root causes. Social scholars like Stanley Eitzenn and Maxine Baca Zinn, through their work Social Problems, Ninth Edition, (2004) suggested that it’s about time for

Financial Assignment (Breeze House) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Assignment (Breeze House) - Essay Example As a business, the accounts receivables are one the company’s sources of cash. Accounts receivable is like cash in the bank. It shows up as an asset on the balance sheet because it means value in the business. (Muckain, 1998) When looking at the budgeted profit and loss statement of the company (see Table 1), the net income of the company is not stable. This means that revenues and expenses that are incurred for the month are actually revenues and expenses that should have been incurred on a different month. As mentioned, this situation happens because of the long turnover of accounts receivable while the accounts payable are settled within the month. However, the practice of the company of maintaining inventory stocks with a lead time of half of the next month’s demand is commendable, since it is enough to satisfy the demand of the market while preventing over-stocking or under-stocking of inventory. Effective credit control is one way of improving the cash flow of the company. A good credit control system increases sales, reduces bad debts and increases profits. The credit control can also increase the creditworthiness of the company and build confidence in the banks. An effective control system focuses on the accounts receivable of the company. (Brealey, Myers, & Marcus, 2001) It is a practice of companies to allow a delay in payment if it cannot demand cash on delivery. However, the customer’s promise to pay for their purchases constitutes a valuable asset (Tracy, 2002). As a valuable asset, credit must be managed properly and promptly. At Breeze House, the company has overlooked the importance of managing its accounts receivable such that they incurred losses in the long run and acquired problems with the cash flow. This paper recommends implementing a credit control system for Breeze House. The implementation program starts by using control points

LAND LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

LAND LAW - Essay Example Charlotte, who is William’s solicitor, is unaware of the previous arrangements done on the property1. Charlotte has acquired a register of the title to Abbey farm from the land registry. The register however does not show any connection of the farm with previous loan associated with Simon who is William’s brother. A mortgage entail transferring land interest as security for other obligation or loan as stipulated in a case of ROPAIGELACH v BARCLAYS BANK (2000). The court accorded the mortgagee a right over the property even in the absence of the mortgagor. Property and real estate laws cover a diverse legal area that is regulated by the common laws and statutes. Real estate is mostly linked with buildings or structures and the land. Real estate comprises land and the materials belonging to it. Immovable structures such as trees, houses, minerals and bushes attached to the land are part of it2. Owning a real estate comes with benefits such as rights and interests associated with it. Land and the attached properties have been utilized as security for loans in various occasions. William is utilizing his Abbey farm as security toward the loan acquired from the Loamshire building society. William is the mortgagor while the mortgagee is Loamshire building society. The society is providing loan in exchange of security interest3. Most lending societies usually set the maximum amount of money that can be borrowed and used as security. If the property to be used as security has a mortgage, a second charge is utilized. In reality the first mortg age ranks before the second charge created in partnership between William and the society. Since the registry applied by charlotte does not include Simon’s loan and the security information. It will be a challenge for Mark to defend Simon as a solicitor in cases where the security is not indicated. The law governing mortgage is aimed at preventing criminals from taking an

Epidemiology exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Epidemiology exam - Essay Example The Odd's Ratio would provide the estimated risk of prior patients, however the relative risk is also assessed looking forward to new ones. Therefore, a Cohort works best here because the assessment is looked at in terms of the mothers habits affecting the child in a forward manner. Birth weight, however, can be affected by infection, lack of support, no neonatal care, previous abortions, previous preterm births and other confounding factors. Reduction of effects would be done by a complete and thorough history of the patients prior to entering the study. B: The question involves an investigation into whether people who have worked in the factory of a chemical company producing toxic chemicals are more likely to develop a specific lung disease. This is a retrospective study or case-control since we are analyzing only one disease plus we are looking backward at people that already worked or were involved in a process prior to Time A looking backward to Time B.

Social Science Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Science Research - Essay Example This paper as the main task of tracing out the advantages of a comparative methodology that result in value addition in case study analysis ,on the one hand, and, on the other, this paper also explains the various pitfalls that are encountered in social science research when it deploys the comparative methodology. This analysis is achieved by carrying out a literature review in support of arguments in favour of and against the comparative methodology and by citing literature involving case studies that deployed comparative analysis as methodology. Seligson & Tucker (2003) report an interesting cross country study of two very different nations i.e. Bolivia and Russia. They attempt to arrive at conclusions regarding preference for ex-authoritarian rulers in public elections in each of these two countries which are otherwise very divergent in social, economic and geopolitical characteristics. In order to derive such conclusions the research deployed the comparative methodology. The researchers explain their research setting, conclusions and variables in following words, "In our research we find that a preference for authoritarian regime types is a key predictor of support for ex-authoritarian candidates for president in two vastly different countries: Bolivia and Russia. ... Despite the different past and contemporary economic and political characteristics of these two countries, voters choose to support ex-authoritarian candidates in free elections in part because they favor authoritarian regime types. Social capital variables, though, seem to have no effect on this vote choice. Pro-authoritarian attitudes, however, are not the only factors driving support for these candidates. In the Bolivian case our evidence suggests that voters may also prefer ex-authoritarian candidates because of concern over unemployment and corruption. In the Russian case, concern over the state of the national economy clearly plays a role. In both countries, older voters are more likely to support ex-authoritarian candidates. In Russia we find similar patterns for poorer and working class voters as well. As we have examined only two cases in which voters have cast their ballots for former authoritarians, there remain many questions for future research. As a first step, it would be illuminating to examine whether we find similar patterns in other post-communist and Latin American countries in an effort to make sure we have not merely stumbled upon an exclusively Bolivian-Russian connection. Moreover, this analysis was deliberately limited to Presidential elections to facilitate more seamless comparison across the two cases. Having established a realistic basis for comparison, future work could consider parliamentary elections, as well as sub-national elections, in hopes of seeking further evidence of the generalizability of our findings". It is clear from the above that the researchers are very wary of the conclusions reached by them after this comparative analysis. They mention the factors that may affect the

Comparing IFRS to GAAP Essay Example for Free

Comparing IFRS to GAAP Essay GAAP rules for recognition are detailed regarding specific industries, such as real estate and software. It uses the complete contract method and has special rules for rendering software services. Organizations can recognize revenue from the sale of goods made delivery from a definitive agreement for a fixed fee that they are reasonably sure they will collect. Under GAAP, companies must wait until the whole process of the contract is complete to recognize revenue. GAAP also has specific types of transactions, and it required public companies to follow rules that are set by the Securities and Exchange Commission. IFRS Revenue Recognition IFRS revenue recognition states that revenue can be recorded when it becomes economically significant: IFRS revenue recognition can be defined as not as strict as opposed to GAAP. IFRS is considered universal; standard 18 sets forth general principles and examples applicable to all industries. IFRS allows recognition when the rewards and risk of ownership is transferred, giving the buyer control of the goods, revenue is understood and the economic benefits will flow to companies or in other words, you will get paid. IFRS bans the completed contract method and under certain circumstances will allow the percentage of completion method. IFRS allows you to combined contracts. However, applies different criteria compared to GAAP. (Ref. Eric Bank, Demand Media). IFRS Order of liquidity IFRS does not require a specific order of classification on the Statement of financial position. IFRS provides the same set of objectives for business and non-business entities. The separation of assets and liabilities is required, and deferred taxes are shown on a separate line item on the  balance sheet. Minority interests are included in equity as a separate line item. The financial statements include an income statement, balance sheet, changes in equity, footnotes and a cash flow statement. IFRS main goal is to give a financial statement with a clear understanding of the companys asset structure. GAAP Order of Liquidity GAAP has a specific requirement that all accounts are measured by liquidity. The framework has no provision that the expressly requires management to consider the framework in the absence of a standard or interpretation for an issue. GAAP requires a balance sheet, income statement, statement of comprehensive income, changes in equity, cash flow statement and footnotes. The difference, as opposed to IFRS, is that deferred taxes are shown with the assets and liabilities. IFRS Commonly used Terms IFRS terms that are commonly used together are statement of financial position, balance sheet and share capital ordinary to common stock. The statement of financial position and balance sheet are synonymous. The formats may be different. It is made to show a comparison of liabilities and equity to assets. IFRS picked the term financial position because it describes the purpose of the statement. The heading stands for the position of receivables and assets on one side and all the liabilities and equity on the other side which can be done at any given date. These statements provide how financial strong the company is. IFRS terms that are commonly used together are share capital ordinary and common stock. IFRS uses the term share capital ordinary to explain the stakes of the ownership. Common stock is identical to share capital ordinary which shows the equities values that the owners have in exchange for cash. The European Union utilizes the term share capital ordinary which is why it was chosen by the IFRS as the norm. The heading shows the equity shareholders what the capital value is. The heading is equity of net worth subheading. Understanding Gains, Losses GAAP defines expenses, revenues, losses, and gains as it correlates with the income statement. The losses and gains would not appear since they do not constitute as operating activities. Even though gains and losses would not appear it will specify the information that would need to be reported on the  income statement. It would only allow expenses by description or function. The bottom line would be called as a loss of profit. It prohibits extra ordinary items to be reported in the notes or income statement. The losses and gains that are reported on the income statement are shown separately so the cash flow that can be assessed in the future. Income defines both gains and revenue. Revenue from a company from activities and are in the form of rents, interest, sales, fees, and dividends. Gains are items that are accrued in a form of income from ordinary activities from a company. Gains can include the gains of long-term assets sale. They can be gains from securities. Securities and Exchange Commission The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has several aspects to consider when it comes to trying to get the United States to adopt IFRS. First, the people and the overall cost that it would have on their business should be something for SEC to consider. SEC should consider the overall costs impact this will have on businesses. It would cost millions if not billions of dollars for U.S corporations to implement IFRS using a good portion of their time and money to put this into effect. Accounting firms would now have to change their education requirements. In a predictions report released in 2008 by the SEC, it stated that large U. S. based companies with revenues in excess of one billion dollars would be paying more than its European counterparts in converting to IFRS. In this report, it also states that small businesses could be hit with more costs than larger companies. This is due to the need for new trained staff members that are educated in IFRS and the need for new IT systems to meet the needs of the conversion. The implementation of new systems will also require new training standards for current employees, which will cost companies time and money. The conversion from GAAP to IFRS can and will have an effect on U. S. companies overall operations, taxes, and their internal reporting processes. Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was signed into law by President George Bush in response to issues in accounting at several major US companies. It was intended to address corporate responsibility, combat fraud and improve a companys financial disclosures. Some would argue that guidelines enacted by  SOX puts US companies at a disadvantage competitively to companies operating abroad. One principle of the act was the requirement of an independent auditor to evaluate the financial records of businesses at the cost of the business to boot. Executives must certify that the records are accurate and are subject to imprisonment for fraud. The threat of oversight may cause some businesses to refrain from taking the necessary risks to help business grow. The advantages of SOX to some far outweigh the costs. The most important of them all could be that companies and the executives that run them are kept honest about financial records. The act created an organization with the responsibility of oversight of auditors called the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. With such oversight, it helps in restoration of public/investor confidence. According to Forbes Magazine a Harvard Business School professor Suraj Srinivasan â€Å"Markets have been able to use the information to assess companies more effectively, managers have improved internal processes and the internal control testing. (Forbes, 2014) References Goodbye GAAP. (2008, April). CFO Magazine, Retrieved from: Goodbye GAAP Hanna, J. (2014, March 10). The Costs and Benefits of Sarbanes-Oxley. Retrieved October 30, 2014. KPMG cutting through complexity. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.kpmg.com/global/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/ifrs-guide-to-financial-statements/pages/default.aspx Chapter 4 Income Statement and Related Information. (n.f.). Retrieved from http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/kieso/0470587237/ifrs_supp/ch04.pdf

Struggle For Human Rights And International Law Human Rights Essay

Struggle For Human Rights And International Law Human Rights Essay In this essay, I seek to provide a deeper understanding about the constant struggle for human rights and international law, In first instant, I am going to make a small review about the meaning of human rights and international law, basing on general context, secondly, I will introduce us the capabilities approach of human rights in a framework for understand the universal declaration of human rights (UDHR) and finally, I am going to illustrate how the main elements affect the relationship between countries in the international system. For start with the development of the essay, it is important to have full knowledge about the main topic that I am going to develop during the course of the document, I mean, the human rights and the international law. So, we cam say that the human rights are rights to which everyone human being is entitled simply for because he or she is a human being. These rights do not necessarily have to be linked to a legal system and must not be protected by law, because as everybody knows, there are some of them that exist do not matter how, equally, it is very relevant to note that when these rights are stipulated within the legislation, the enforcing human rights is much easier. Also, due to the fact that most countries in the world agree that human rights are fundamental for living in a more harmonize international community, I mean, this is, shared by all people regardless of age, race, sex, religion, etc., so, if most of the people are agree with this, it tend to be classify as universal rights, and in order that these rights are taken into account in a global level, it was necessary the creation of a document in which is stipulated all the human rights, This document accepted as the foundation of international human rights law is the universal declaration of human rights passed by the United Nations (UN) in 1948, and which is use until today Within this document, there are include some of the rights that probably could be the most important ones in international terms; these human rights are linked with the ideas of justice, respect and equality. And as I said before, this rights are global, and as universal rights means that they are not necessarily conferred on anyone, but are simply inherent and due to all human beings. En plus, the thought of some countries are different with respect to the other, which may make different laws regarding these rights and some of them may not have any laws regarding them, some of the most frequent ones, are: the right to life the right to freedom of religion, the right to education and work, etc, later, we will see that this fundamental rights in many parts of the world are too often violated To deepen understanding of the struggle for global justice, it is important to appreciate the concept of international law, which is a complex process of authoritative and controlling decision operating across national and equivalent boundaries, at a minimum, to maintain world order. To this end, by way of an interpenetrating mix of command and enforcement structures both internal and external to states, this includes a variety of doctrines, principles and rules. We can said, that the field of international human rights has achieved the comprehensive and elevated global status of preferred world public policy. It supplies a framework for a world order of human dignity To begin, I want to give a clear explanation about the meaning of gender, because this is a very important issue when we want to talk about human rights, moreover, it is vital to identify that gender Is not only associated with the women, it also is related with men, because, this concept must be understood as a social and cultural construction which is based on biological differences that probably can cause inequalities in the international system; also, the gender contributes to an important analysis about the real situation of human rights, because, in the case of human rights violation, the gender analysis, could help us in order to know which are the action that the country have to apply. It is important to remember, that within the document there are included the rights of equal gender and the rights of non sex discrimination, so, the state have the obligation to protect in the same level both sexes. At this point I would like to make a lot of emphasis in the challenges that Colombia has with respect to the rights of women: One of the biggest challenges is related with the promotion of true culture of human rights in Colombia. Because the equality between men and women, and the realization of greater efforts in implementation and effectiveness of the policy to allow women to achieve true gender equality and contribute to the creation of the culture human rights; Also, the State must adopt measures to modify stereotypes and cultural patterns that cause discrimination against women, this will also help to achieve this purpose. The active role of civil society to complement efforts state is crucial, because as the recent Report of the High Commissioner recommends, the Government and the defenders of human rights have to develop and institutionalize a stable dialogue, both nationally and regionally, to achieve greater degree of understanding, and improve the promotion and protection of human rights throughout the country. Finally, I want to talk about the challenges of the state in relation to the internal armed conflict in Colombia. In this topic is important to remember the recommendation of the High Commissioner to the Government, to the illegal armed groups and civil society to no spare efforts to establish contacts dialogue and negotiation in order to resolve the armed conflict and achieving peace (). Also, the High Commissioner added in its recommendation that dialogue and negotiations should take into account, from the beginning, the human rights and international humanitarian law. One of the most famous example of violation of human rights is closed related with religious traditions, because the international law of human rights poses considerable challenges for religious traditions, here, I consider some of this challenges, particularly that raised by the idea of womans human rights. The international law of human rights has not been largely detached from religious world view, because a human rights law does not ignore religion as an aspect of peoples lives. International human rights law recognizes a right to freedom of religion and discrimination on the basis of religion is prohibited at international law. Historically, the UN general assembly adopted a declaration on the elimination of all forms of intolerances based on religion or belief, but the UN commission appointed a special reporter on religion intolerance, but the engagement of human rights law and religion has been by and large at a procedural level, concern with freedom of religion as an aspect of controversial, because some religious traditions cannot accept the idea of freedom to chose a religion. So, if human rights law has not engaged explicitly with religious traditions what have religious tradition made of human rights? In one hand, human rights and religious are intimately, if ambivalently, re lated in that religions provide a transient perspective by revealing a dimension of human life over and above the social and political order. Religions set a limit to the power pretend to be the unitary source of all authority. The tension between the region and the state is obviously in almost all the cases. In the case of Catholic Church this lack of engagement on the international level did not mean lack of interest in human rights issues. In wake of Vatican II, the church endorsed many human rights notions; the ideal of equality and human dignity is part of the catholic culture. Other think that is important, is that religious tradition are the idea of sanctity which supports humans rights, it also has been very active in the grassroots of human rights struggles in many parts of the world. Both leaderships from Rome and the work of local churches have supported and guided human rights movement in central and Latin America. The relation of Islam to human rights is more complex. Islamic religious law, developed in the second and third centuries of Islam. It is not a formally enacted code, but a vast body of jurisprudence in which jurists holy scriptures of Islam. It is a body of religious and moral directives and principles. It affects the thinking and behavior of Muslims the worlds over and it is the foundation of the institutions and customs of most Muslim societies. Because of the deep significance of the Islamic society belief that t should take precedence over any other legal system. The basis of international human rights law, the idea that a person has rights by virtue of being human, is foreign to Islamic jurisprudence. Indeed, many Islamic precepts are based on distinctions between humans- Muslims and non-Muslims, men and women, for example: the Islamic makes repudiation of Islam or, as we know from the salman Rushdie case, the expression of views contrary to Islam punishable by death. Recently, the Islamic world has made an attempt to come to grips with international human rights law. The declaration refers in its preamble to the charter of the UN and the international bill of rights, but does not endorse those instruments acceptance of a right to be free from slavery and the right to change ones religion. Many of international human rights guarantees are weakened considerably in the Arab charter. While the Catholic Church and the Islamic can claim an engagement with international human rights issues on some issues, they have played a negative and problematic role in other human rights context. The issue that has most often provoked this reaction is that of womans rights and it has fostered a striking and incongruous alliance between the 2 religions traditions. A coalition of the Islamic countries, the Holy See and some catholic countries has been most prominent at united nation conference The catholic and the Islamic religious traditions strenuously opposed placing womens health, reproduction and sexuality within a human rights framework, because the UN conferences work on a consensus principle, the coalition resisted a definition of the notion of reproductive health to include sexual health, the purpose of which is the enhancement of life and personal relations, and not merely counseling and car related to reproduction and sexually transmitted disease